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THE LAWS OF THE BIBLE

I. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

  1. Patriarchal. The family being the unit of life, the father as head of the family was the authoritative Ruler: Judg. 11:29-40; Job 1:5
  2. Theocracy. God was the direct ruler of His people: Ex. 19:3-8
  3. Government by judges. The people forgot God. God chastised them by selling them into slavery to their enemies. Upon repentance God raised up military chieftains as deliverers: Judg. 2:13-18
  4. Monarchy. This was begun by the coronation of Saul, reached its height in David and Solomon, and ended with the Babylonian captivity: I Sam. 10:24

II. CITIZENSHIP UNDER THE THEOCRACY

  1. Israelites. Those of Israel who ratified the covenant of Sinai, and later their children, were entitled to the rights of citizenship: Ex. 19:5-8; Deut. 6:1-9
  2. Moabites and Ammonites excluded: Deut. 23:3
  3. Edomites and Egyptians in the third generation were eligible: Deut. 23:7, 8
     

III. LAWS OF THE THEOCRACY

A. Pertaining to citizenship:

  1. Law applied equally to strangers as to natives: Lev. 24:22; Num. 15:22-30
  2. Jew not to marry a stranger: Gen. 34:14
  3. Strangers could own slaves: Lev. 25:47-55

B. Pertaining to slavery

  1. Slaves obtained:
    a. Captured in war: Num. 31:7-11
    b. Inherited: Lev. 25:45-46
    c. Bought: Ex. 21:2
    d. Sold for debt or theft: Ex. 22:3; Deut. 15:12
     
  2. How to treat slaves:
    a. Israelites could be redeemed from slavery: Lev. 25:47-55
    b. Jewish slaves to be set free in Year of Jubilee: Lev. 25:39-41
    c. Regarded as part of owner's household and possession: Gen. 12:16; Ex. 20:17
    d. Could be struck by master: Ex. 21:20, 21
    e. Fugitive not to be returned: Deut. 23:15, 16; I Sam. 30:15
    f.  Freed if ill-treated: Ex. 21:26, 27
    g. To enjoy the Sabbath: Ex. 20:10
     

C. Pertaining to taxation:

  1. Census taken: Luke 2:1-3
  2. Purpose of taxes
    a. Valuation of persons: Lev. 27:1-13
    b. Temple service: Ex. 30:11-16; II Chr. 24:6, 9
    c. Taxes: Matt. 22:15-21; Rom. 13:6, 7
  3. Amount of taxes: I Sam. 8:10-18
  4. Priests and attendants exempt: Ezra 7:24

D. Military laws:

  1. Age of soldiers: Num. 1:2, 3, 26:2
  2. Selective draft: Num. 31:3-7
  3. Exemption from service
    a. Levites: Num. 1:49
    b. Certain individuals: Deut. 20:5-7
    c. Fainthearted: Deut. 20:8
    d. Cleanliness in camp: Num. 31:19, 20; Deut. 23:9-14
  4. Regulations in battle
    a. Notice to be given: Deut. 20:10, 11
    b. Fruit trees spared: Deut. 20:19, 20
    c. Treatment of captives: Num. 21:2, 3, 35, 31:17, 18; Deut. 20:14-18; Josh. 11:14
    d. Plunder: Deut. 20:14
    e. Indemnity: II Kings 3:4

IV. CRIMINAL LAWS

A. Crimes against the public:

  1. Bribery: Ex. 23:8; Deut. 16:19; Prov. 17:23
  2. Contempt for the law: Num. 15:30; Deut. 6:16, 17 Penalty: Deut. 17:12, 13
  3. Perjury: Ex. 20:16; Lev. 19:12 Penalty: Deut. 19:16-20
  4. Perverting or obstructing justice: Ex. 23:1, 2, 6; Lev. 19:15; Ps. 82:2 Penalty: Deut. 16:19-20
  5. Conspiracy: II Sam. 15:10-12

B. Crimes of immoral acts:

  1. Adultery: Ex. 20:14; Deut. 5:18 Penalty: Lev. 20:10; Deut. 22:22-25
  2. Rape: Deut. 22:25, 26   Penalty: Deut. 22:25-29
  3. Prostitution: Deut. 23:17  Penalty: Lev 19:29, 21:9
  4. Seduction: Ex. 22:16, 17  Penalty: Deut. 22:28, 29
  5. Incest: Lev. 18:6-18; Deut. 22:30  Penalty: Lev. 20:11-21
  6. Sodomy: Lev. 18:22, 23; Deut. 23:17  Penalty: Ex. 22:19; Lev 20:13, 15, 16

C. Crimes against persons

  1. Murder: Ex. 20:13  Penalty: Gen. 9:6; Ex. 21:12
  2. Manslaughter: Ex. 21:12-14; Josh. 20:3-6  Penalty: Num. 35:11, 22-28
  3. Assault: Ex. 21:18-26  Penalty: Ex. 21:19-27; Lev. 24:19, 20
  4. Kidnapping: Ex. 21:16; Deut. 24:7  5. Slander: Lev. 19:16

D. Crimes against property

  1. Stealing: Ex. 20:15, 22:1-12; Deut. 23:24, 25
  2. Arson: Ex. 22:6
  3. Moving a landmark: Deut. 19:14

V. LAWS PERTAINING TO DOMESTIC RELATIONS

A. Marriage

  1. Ordained by God: Gen. 1:27, 28, 2:18, 24
  2. Within the tribe: Num. 36:6
  3. Polygamy forbidden: 1 Cor. 7:2; I Tim. 3:2 (sic.)
  4. Marriage forbidden with:
    a. Stepmother: Lev. 18:8, 20:11
    b. Aliens: Ex. 34:13-17; Deut. 7:1-3
    c. Sister: Lev. 20:17
    d. Aunt: Lev. 20:19
    e. Grandchild: Lev. 18:10
    f. Daughter-in-law: Lev 18:15
  5. Divorce: Lev. 21:7, 22:13; Is. 50:1; I Cor. 7:10, 11
    a. Not to remarry woman divorced by another man: Deut. 24:1-4
    b. For committing adultery: Jer 3:8
     

B. Parent and child

  1. Father has authority over child: Num. 30:3-5
  2. Father to arrange marriage: Gen. 24:2-4
  3. Parents to educate: Deut. 21:18-21; Prov. 22:6; Eph. 6:4
  4. Parents to discipline: Deut. 21:18-21; Prov. 22:15
  5. Children to honor parents: Ex. 20:12, 21:15
  6. Children to be regarded as gift of God: Gen. 33:5, 48:9; Josh. 24:3
  7. Penalty for children who dishonor parents: Lev 20:9; Deut. 21:18-21

VI. ESTATES -- DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION LAWS

A. Inheritance

  1. Sons inherit father's estate: Gen. 21:10-13; I Chr. 5:1
  2. Double portion to firstborn: Deut. 21:15-17
  3. Wife not heir, but descends with property to next of kin: Ruth 4:1-12
  4. Daughters heirs when no sons: Num. 27:8, 9
  5. When no sons or daughters, inheritance to nearest relative Num. 27:9-11

B. Real property titles

  1. Real estate
    a. Land divided among tribes: Num. 26:52-56; Josh. 14:5
    b. Not transferable: Num. 36:6-9
    c. Not permanently sold: Lev. 25:23-28
    d. Value of land according to years after Jubilee: Lev. 25:15, 16
    e. Release of land: Lev. 25:8-34
    f. Mode of transfer
    (1) Deed made: Jer. 32:9-14
    (2) Taking off sandal: Ruth 4:3-11
    (3) Deed delivered in presence of witnesses: Jer. 32:10, 12
    (4) Deed recorded: Jer. 32:14
  2. Personal property (All property which is moveable, as against real property such as houses and lands)
    a. Sale recognized: Lev. 25:14
    b. Pledges of:
    (1) Children given as: II Kings 4:1-7
    (2) Upper and lower millstone prohibited: Deut. 24:6 ????
    (3) Not retained over night: Ex. 22:26, 27; Deut. 24:13
    (4) Voluntary: Deut. 24:10, 11

VII. SOCIAL SECURITY AND WELFARE LAWS

  1. Widows and orphans: Ex. 22:22, 23; Deut. 14:28, 29; Acts 6:1-4; I Tim. 5:3-16
  2. Widow to marry nearest relative: Deut. 25:5-10
  3. Widow and orphans not to be oppressed: Zech. 7:9-12; Mal. 3:5
    B. Neighbors: Lev. 19:13
    C. The poor: Ex. 22:25-27; Lev. 19:9, 10; Deut. 15:7-11; Luke 3:11, 14:13, 14
    D. Strangers or aliens: Lev. 19:33, 34; Deut. 24:19-22; Zech. 7:9-12
    E. Poor and needy: Deut. 24:14-15
    F. Servants: Deut. 24:14-15
    G. Handicapped
    Blind: Lev. 19:14; Deut. 27:18; Luke 14:13, 14
    Deaf: Lev. 19:14
    Lame: Luke 14:12-14
     

VIII. LAWS PERTAINING TO CONTRACTS

A. Debts: Ex. 22:25; Deut. 15:1-3; Neh. 5:10, 11
B. With neighbors: Deut. 15:1-3
C. With foreigners: Deut. 15:1-3
D. Interest: Ex. 22:25; Lev. 25:35-37; Deut. 23:19, 20; Ezek. 18:10-13
E. Loans: Ex. 22:25; Deut. 23:19, 20; II Kings 4:1-7; Neh. 5:2-5
F. Mortgages: Neh. 5:2-5
G. Pledges: (See VI. B. 2)
H. Sales: Lev. 25:14
I. Sales of Land: Lev. 25:23-28; Ruth 4:3-11; Jer. 32:9-14
J. Of servitude: Ex. 21:2-4; Deut. 15:12
K. Sureties: Prov. 6:1, 2, 17:18

IX. RELIGIOUS LAWS

A. Clean and unclean meat: Lev. 11:2-31; Deut. 14:3-21
B. Forbidden foods

  1. Fat and blood: Lev. 17:10-14
  2. Flesh torn by beasts: Ex. 22:31
  3. Fruit of young trees: Lev. 19:23-25

C. Sacred obligations

  1. Firstborn: Ex. 34:19, 20
  2. Firstfruits: Ex. 34:26; Deut. 18:4
  3. Tithes: Gen. 14:19, 20; Lev. 27:30-33; II Chr. 31:4-12; Mal. 3:8-11; Matt. 23:23
  4. Atonement money: Ex. 30:12-16
  5. Freewill offering: Lev. 22:17-20; Num. 15:1-4

D. Sacred calendar

  1. Sabbath: Gen. 2:1-3; Ex. 16:23; Lev. 23:3; Num. 28:9, 10; Deut. 5:12-15; Neh. 10:31; Ezek. 46:3
    a. Punishment for not keeping: Num. 15:32-36
    b. Made for man: Mark 2:23-28
    c. Healing on the Sabbath: Luke 13:14-17, 14:3-5; John 5:8-16
  2. Passover: Ex. 12:1-14; Deut. 16:1-8; Ezek. 45:21, 24; Luke 22:7-18
  3. Feast of Unleavened Bread: Ex. 34:18
  4. Feast of Weeks: Deut. 16:9-11
  5. Feast of Tabernacles: Lev. 23:33-44; Num. 29:12-40; Deut. 16:13-17
  6. Sabbatical (seventh) Year: Ex. 21:2-6, 23:10, 11; Lev. 25:1-7; Deut. 15:1-14; II Chr. 36:21; Neh. 10:31
  7. Day of Atonement: Lev. 23:26-32

E. Crimes against God

  1. Worship of false gods: Ex. 20:1-5 Penalty: Ex. 22:20
  2. Spiritualism: Lev. 20:27 Penalty: Ex. 22:18
  3. Blasphemy: Lev. 24:16; Deut. 5:11 Penalty: Lev 24:16

X. LAWS PERTAINING TO LEGAL PROCEDURE

A. Judges appointed: Ex. 18:13-26; II Chr. 19:4-11

  1. Moses, first judge: Ex. 18:13-27
  2. Priests judge in small matters: Ex. 18:22
  3. King as judge: I Kings 7:1-7

B. Submission of cases

  1. Ordinary cases submitted to judges: Deut. 25:1, 2
  2. Exceptional cases taken to Levitical priest for verdict: Deut. 17:8-11
  3. Extreme cases submitted to the LORD for decision: Num. 5:11-31; Deut. 21:1-9
  4. Judges must not pervert justice: Ex. 23:6-8
  5. Bribery forbidden: Deut. 16:18-20

C. Where courts were held

  1. At gate of city: Deut. 21:19
  2. In Hall of judgment: I Kings 7:7

D. Judgments

  1. Regarded as from God: Deut. 1:17
  2. Righteous to be justified and wicked condemned: Deut. 25:1
  3. Sentence to be executed Deut. 25:2, 3

E. Appeals

  1. To Moses: Ex. 18:26
  2. To priests: Deut. 17:8-11
  3. To the king: I Kings 3:16-27

F. Damages

  1. For disfiguring a person: Lev. 24:19, 20
  2. For stealing: Ex. 22:4, 5
  3. Kindling a fire which destroys property: Ex. 22:6
  4. Breach of trust: Lev. 6:1-5
  5. Killing an animal: Ex. 21:35, 36; Lev. 24:18, 21
  6. Loss of animal falling into pit: Ex. 21:33, 34
  7. Loss of borrowed property: Ex. 22:14

G. Methods of punishment

  1. Infliction in kind: Gen. 9:6; Lev 24:19, 20
  2. Burning: Lev. 20:14
  3. Mutilation: Deut 25:11,12
  4. Hanging: Deut. 21:22, 23
  5. Stoning: Lev. 24:16
  6. Beating: Deut. 25:2, 3
  7. Excommunication: Ezra 10:8
  8. Imprisonment: Ezra 7:26
  9. Compensation for damages: Ex. 21:19, 32, 36
  10. Restitution for stolen or borrowed property: Ex. 22:12, 14, 15

H. Method of protection

  1. Cities of refuge appointed: Num. 35:6-15
  2. Protection till trial could be held: Num. 35:12
  3. Murderer unprotected Num. 35:30, 31
  4. Unintentional manslayer remained in city of refuge till death of high priest: Josh. 20:1-6

XI. TORT LAWS

A. Assault: Ex. 21:18, 19
B. Compensation: Ex. 21:18, 19, 32
C. Damage by animals: Ex. 21:32
D. Damage by fire: Ex. 22:6
E. Injury to animals: Ex. 21:33-36; Lev. 24:18, 21
F. Loss of borrowed property: Ex. 22:14, 15
G. Personal injury: Lev. 24:19, 20
H. Rights of strangers: Lev. 24:22

XII. LAWS OF SANITATION AND CLEANLINESS

A. Cleansing the woman after childbirth: Lev. 12:1-8
B. Test for leprosy: Lev. 13:1-59
C. Cleansing of the leper's house: Lev. 14:33-57
D. Cleansing of males with discharge: Lev. 15:1-15
E. Laws concerning the woman during menstruation: Lev. 15:24-33

XIII. LAWS PERTAINING TO ANIMALS

A. Beasts of burden: Ex. 23:12; Deut. 25:4
B. Beasts of the field: Ex. 23:11
C. Mother and young: Lev. 22:28; Deut. 22:6, 7
D. Enemy's animals: Ex. 23:4, 5; Deut. 22:4

XIV. LAWS CONCERNING INTEREST AND LOANS

Interest on money was called usury in biblical times. (Now usury means excessive interest.)

A. Taking of interest forbidden among Jews: Ex. 22:25; Deut. 23:19, 20
(The money was borrowed for relief of distress.)
B. Allowed to be taken from foreigners: Deut. 23:20
(Money was borrowed by foreigner to develop trade.)
C. Property returned without interest: Neh. 5:11-13
D. Differing weights and measures forbidden: Deut. 25:13-16

This article is written by Bob Green, taken from The Open Bible Expanded Edition, New King James Version, © Copyright 1983, by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission.

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